Thiago Muniz, a veterinarian at Brazil's Niteroi Zoo, has blamed the problem on overfishing, which has forced penguins to seek fish further south. This leaves them vulnerable to the strong ocean currents that bring them straight to Brazil's shores. He also reports that many of the penguins they receive at the zoo for treatment are covered in petroleum from the Campos oil fields just offshore. While researchers and rescuers are torn over the exact cause of this phenomenon, most believe it is the combination of these factors.
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